{ "schemaVersion": 1, "asOf": "2026-07-17", "methodology": { "constructionStart": "Dates use the IAEA PRIS Construction Start Date field for a consistent cross-project comparison.", "operation": "Commercial operation is kept separate from first grid connection and startup testing.", "costs": "Currencies and published price bases are preserved. Construction cost, financing cost, owner share and whole-project cost are not combined or converted.", "missingData": "A null value means that no sufficiently documented figure or date was found in the reviewed official sources. The adjacent note explains the limitation." }, "projects": [ { "id": "flamanville-3", "name": "Flamanville 3", "country": "France", "design": "1 EPR, 1,630 MW net reference capacity", "status": "Grid connected and in startup testing; commercial operation is not listed by IAEA PRIS", "constructionStart": [ { "unit": "Unit 3", "date": "2007-12-03" } ], "initialOperation": [ { "unit": "Unit 3", "date": "2012", "precision": "year", "dateType": "initial commissioning target" } ], "currentOrActualOperation": [ { "unit": "Unit 3", "commercialOperationDate": null, "commercialOperationNote": "IAEA PRIS still reports no commercial operation date.", "firstGridConnectionDate": "2024-12-21", "fullNuclearThermalPowerDate": "2025-12-14" } ], "delayYears": 12, "delayYearsNote": "Approximately 12 years from the 2012 target to first grid connection. The delay to commercial operation is longer and cannot yet be finalized.", "costInitial": { "amount": 3.3, "currency": "EUR", "scale": "billion", "priceBasis": null, "scope": "initial project budget", "status": "initial estimate" }, "costInitialNote": "The cited parliamentary source does not state a sufficiently clear price basis or a financing-inclusive scope.", "costCurrent": { "amount": 13.2, "currency": "EUR", "scale": "billion", "priceBasis": "2015 prices", "scope": "EDF cost-to-completion estimate excluding interest during construction", "status": "latest disclosed forecast, not final actual cost" }, "costCurrentNote": "The French Court of Audit separately estimated EUR 19.1 billion in 2015 prices including financing in 2020. That broader estimate used an obsolete completion assumption and is not a current final cost.", "costBasis": "The EUR 3.3 billion initial budget and EUR 13.2 billion EDF forecast are not fully comparable because the initial price basis is unclear. The Court of Audit figure has a broader scope than EDF's construction estimate.", "financing": "EDF was developer, owner and operator and retained construction and financing risk on its balance sheet. This was not a fixed-price turnkey delivery model.", "fairReading": "Flamanville 3 is strong evidence of first-of-a-kind delivery, quality-control and supply-chain risk in Europe. It does not show that an EPR cannot operate, because EPR units at Taishan and Olkiluoto are in commercial service.", "sourceUrls": [ "https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=873", "https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/budget/plf2016/b3110-tIII-a16.asp", "https://www.edf.fr/en/the-edf-group/dedicated-sections/journalists/all-press-releases/update-on-the-flamanville-epr-0", "https://www.ccomptes.fr/en/documents/52261", "https://www.edf.fr/en/the-edf-group/dedicated-sections/journalists/all-press-releases/update-on-the-flamanville-epr-the-reactor-produces-its-first-electrons-on-the-national-electricity-grid", "https://www.edf.fr/en/the-edf-group/dedicated-sections/journalists/all-press-releases/update-on-the-flamanville-epr-the-reactor-has-reached-100-of-nuclear-thermal-power", "https://www.edf.fr/centrale-nucleaire-flamanville3" ] }, { "id": "olkiluoto-3", "name": "Olkiluoto 3", "country": "Finland", "design": "1 EPR, 1,575 MW net reference capacity", "status": "Operational", "constructionStart": [ { "unit": "Unit 3", "date": "2005-08-12" } ], "initialOperation": [ { "unit": "Unit 3", "date": "2009-04-30", "precision": "end of month", "dateType": "initial commercial operation target" } ], "currentOrActualOperation": [ { "unit": "Unit 3", "commercialOperationDate": "2023-05-01", "regularElectricityProductionDate": "2023-04-16", "finalTakeoverDate": "2025-06-19" } ], "delayYears": 14, "delayYearsNote": "Approximately 14 years from the end-April 2009 target to commercial operation on 1 May 2023.", "costInitial": { "amount": 3.0, "currency": "EUR", "scale": "billion", "priceBasis": null, "scope": "approximately stated project cost under the turnkey contract", "status": "initial estimate" }, "costInitialNote": "The official source describes an approximate project cost but does not provide a sufficiently clear constant-price basis.", "costCurrent": { "amount": 5.5, "currency": "EUR", "scale": "billion", "priceBasis": null, "scope": "TVO estimate of its total investment", "status": "2018 owner estimate, not a published final outturn" }, "costCurrentNote": "No consolidated final actual cost was found in the reviewed official publications. Supplier losses and provisions must not be added to TVO's investment estimate as if they were the same cost category.", "costBasis": "The initial EUR 3.0 billion figure and the 2018 EUR 5.5 billion owner estimate are not a final like-for-like outturn comparison. TVO's accounting policy capitalizes qualifying financing costs during construction.", "financing": "TVO procured the plant through a fixed-price turnkey contract from the Areva-Siemens consortium. A substantial share of cost-overrun risk therefore remained with the supplier, later addressed through settlements, compensation, funded guarantees, incentives and possible delay penalties.", "fairReading": "The construction delay was extreme, but construction performance should not be confused with current operating performance. TVO reported 10.38 TWh from Olkiluoto 3 in 2025 with no unplanned production interruption.", "sourceUrls": [ "https://pris.iaea.org/pris/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=860", "https://www.sa.areva.com/news-epr-in-finland-foundation-stone-laying-day-at-olkiluoto-3", "https://www.tvo.fi/en/index/news/pressreleasesstockexchangereleases/2016/hXGvNM5eG.html", "https://www.tvo.fi/en/index/news/pressreleasesstockexchangereleases/2018/hD4GZkgAO.html", "https://vuosikertomus.tvo.fi/page-4546.html", "https://www.tvo.fi/en/index/news/pressreleasesstockexchangereleases/2023/tvoconfirmsacceptanceofolkiluoto3eprandstartofwarrantyperiod.html", "https://www.tvo.fi/en/index/news/pressreleasesstockexchangereleases/2025/finaltakeoverofolkiluoto3plantunitaccepted.html", "https://www.tvo.fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteetporssitiedotteet/2026/olkiluodossatuotettiinvuonna2025noinneljasosasuomensahkosta.html" ] }, { "id": "vogtle-3-4", "name": "Vogtle 3 and 4", "country": "United States", "design": "2 AP1000 units, 1,117 MW net reference capacity each", "status": "Both units operational", "constructionStart": [ { "unit": "Unit 3", "date": "2013-03-02" }, { "unit": "Unit 4", "date": "2013-11-19" } ], "initialOperation": [ { "unit": "Unit 3", "date": "2016", "precision": "year", "dateType": "initial in-service target" }, { "unit": "Unit 4", "date": "2017", "precision": "year", "dateType": "initial in-service target" } ], "currentOrActualOperation": [ { "unit": "Unit 3", "commercialOperationDate": "2023-07-31" }, { "unit": "Unit 4", "commercialOperationDate": "2024-04-29" } ], "delayYears": 7, "delayYearsNote": "Each unit entered commercial operation approximately seven years after its initial target year.", "costInitial": { "amount": 4.418, "currency": "USD", "scale": "billion", "priceBasis": "nominal regulatory certification", "scope": "Georgia Power's 45.7 percent share, certified capital cost excluding separately recovered financing", "status": "2009 certified capital cost" }, "costInitialNote": "Georgia Power's contemporaneous estimated in-service cost was approximately USD 6.4 billion when financing, inflation, transmission and other owner costs were included.", "costCurrent": { "amount": 10.7, "currency": "USD", "scale": "billion", "priceBasis": "nominal", "scope": "Georgia Power's 45.7 percent share of net project capital cost, including remaining obligations and after specified guarantee payments and customer refunds", "status": "latest disclosed owner-share capital cost" }, "costCurrentNote": "Georgia Power separately estimated approximately USD 3.53 billion of construction financing costs. No single official final outturn for all four owners was found. Owner-specific guarantees and settlements make a project-total extrapolation from one ownership share unreliable.", "costBasis": "The published figures cover Georgia Power's share, not the whole project. Initial certified capital and latest net capital are closer in scope than the initial full in-service estimate, but they are still not fully comparable because the later value is net of specified settlements and refunds.", "financing": "The project used regulated cost recovery, including recovery of eligible construction financing through the Nuclear Construction Cost Recovery tariff and later rate-base treatment, alongside up to USD 12 billion in federal loan guarantees for the owners. The Georgia Public Service Commission limited the capital amount recoverable from Georgia Power customers.", "fairReading": "Vogtle illustrates the cost of rebuilding a US nuclear supply chain, compounded by the Westinghouse bankruptcy. Both units now operate, so the project is not a technical failure, but its delivery and financing record remains a major cost and schedule warning.", "sourceUrls": [ "https://pris.iaea.org/pris/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=1042", "https://pris.iaea.org/pris/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=1043", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/3153/000009212209000011/so10k123108.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1160661/000009212217000065/R11.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/92122/000009212224000042/so-20240331.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/3153/000009212224000089/so-20240930.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/788816/000162828025015552/opc-20241231.htm", "https://www.energy.gov/edf/vogtle", "https://www.georgiapower.com/news-hub/press-releases/vogtle-unit-4-enters-commercial-operation.html" ] }, { "id": "hinkley-point-c", "name": "Hinkley Point C", "country": "United Kingdom", "design": "2 EPR units, 1,630 MW net reference capacity each", "status": "Both units under construction", "constructionStart": [ { "unit": "Unit 1", "date": "2018-12-11" }, { "unit": "Unit 2", "date": "2019-12-12" } ], "initialOperation": [ { "unit": "Unit 1", "date": "2025-12-31", "precision": "end of year", "dateType": "initial production target" } ], "initialOperationNote": "The reviewed initial EDF source gives an end-2025 objective for Unit 1. A sufficiently documented original Unit 2 date was not found in that source.", "currentOrActualOperation": [ { "unit": "Unit 1", "commercialOperationDate": null, "commercialOperationNote": "The unit is under construction.", "forecastProductionDate": "2030", "forecastPrecision": "year" }, { "unit": "Unit 2", "commercialOperationDate": null, "commercialOperationNote": "The unit is under construction and the latest short EDF statement does not provide a separate operation date.", "forecastProductionDate": null } ], "delayYears": 5, "delayYearsNote": "Forecast delay for Unit 1 from the end-2025 target to the current 2030 production forecast. This is not a final actual delay.", "costInitial": { "amount": 18.1, "currency": "GBP", "scale": "billion", "priceBasis": "2015 prices", "scope": "project completion cost excluding interest during construction and foreign-exchange effects at the project reference rate", "status": "initial comparable estimate restated by EDF in 2017" }, "costInitialNote": "EDF's 2017 update identifies GBP 18.1 billion in 2015 prices as the previous evaluation.", "costCurrent": { "amount": 35.0, "currency": "GBP", "scale": "billion", "priceBasis": "2015 prices", "scope": "EDF project completion cost forecast", "status": "2026 forecast, not final actual cost" }, "costCurrentNote": "EDF states that another 12-month delay would add approximately GBP 1 billion in 2015 prices. The latest short release does not restate every scope exclusion used in earlier completion-cost updates.", "costBasis": "Both headline values are in 2015 sterling. Earlier EDF completion-cost updates explicitly excluded interest during construction and foreign-exchange effects, while the latest short statement does not repeat the complete definition.", "financing": "Construction is investor financed. Under the UK Contract for Difference, the project receives an inflation-indexed strike price only after generation begins, so immediate construction risk rests with investors while consumers later carry long-term difference-payment exposure. The project also received a UK infrastructure guarantee.", "fairReading": "The latest schedule and cost are forecasts rather than final results. Replication between the two units may create learning benefits, but the current real-terms completion-cost estimate is still close to twice the initial comparable estimate.", "sourceUrls": [ "https://pris.iaea.org/pris/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=1072", "https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=1073", "https://www.edfenergy.com/energy/nuclear-new-build-projects/hinkley-point-c/news-views/agreements-in-place", "https://www.edf.fr/en/the-edf-group/dedicated-sections/journalists/all-press-releases/clarifications-on-hinkley-point-c-project", "https://www.edf.fr/en/2025-annual-results", "https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/hinkley-point-c", "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/state-aid-approval-for-hinkley-point-c-nuclear-power-plant/", "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/2-billion-support-for-hinkley-point-c" ] }, { "id": "barakah-1-4", "name": "Barakah 1 to 4", "country": "United Arab Emirates", "design": "4 APR-1400 units, approximately 1,337 MW net reference capacity each", "status": "All four units operational", "constructionStart": [ { "unit": "Unit 1", "date": "2012-07-19" }, { "unit": "Unit 2", "date": "2013-04-15" }, { "unit": "Unit 3", "date": "2014-09-24" }, { "unit": "Unit 4", "date": "2015-07-30" } ], "initialOperation": [ { "unit": "Unit 1", "date": "2017", "precision": "year", "dateType": "initial commercial operation target" }, { "unit": "Unit 2", "date": "2018", "precision": "year", "dateType": "initial commercial operation target" }, { "unit": "Unit 3", "date": "2019", "precision": "year", "dateType": "initial commercial operation target" }, { "unit": "Unit 4", "date": "2020", "precision": "year", "dateType": "initial commercial operation target" } ], "currentOrActualOperation": [ { "unit": "Unit 1", "commercialOperationDate": "2021-04-01" }, { "unit": "Unit 2", "commercialOperationDate": "2022-03-24" }, { "unit": "Unit 3", "commercialOperationDate": "2023-02-24" }, { "unit": "Unit 4", "commercialOperationDate": "2024-09-05" } ], "delayYears": 4, "delayYearsNote": "The planned annual sequence was retained, but each commercial operation date was approximately four years later than the original target year.", "costInitial": { "amount": 20, "currency": "KRW", "scale": "trillion", "priceBasis": null, "scope": "approximate four-unit project scale reported by KEPCO", "status": "initial project figure" }, "costInitialNote": "The official KEPCO source does not define a sufficiently precise price basis or complete included-cost boundary.", "costCurrent": null, "costCurrentNote": "No sufficiently documented official final outturn was found. The USD 2.42 billion refinancing announced in 2023 concerns outstanding loan facilities and is not the construction cost.", "costBasis": "The approximate initial figure cannot be compared with a final cost because no transparent official final outturn was found. The project should not be labeled on budget or over budget without that disclosure.", "financing": "ENEC holds 82 percent and KEPCO 18 percent of the relevant joint-venture structure. Original financing included KEXIM facilities, and outstanding debt was later refinanced with UAE banks. Public sources do not fully disclose how every construction overrun risk was allocated.", "fairReading": "Barakah is a real example of faster serial delivery using a standardized design and an experienced Korean delivery organization. The approximately four-year schedule shift and the absence of a published final cost prevent a simple on-time and on-budget claim.", "sourceUrls": [ "https://pris.iaea.org/pris/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=1050", "https://pris.iaea.org/pris/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=1051", "https://pris.iaea.org/pris/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=1052", "https://pris.iaea.org/pris/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=1053", "https://www.enec.gov.ae/ar/news/latest-news/unit-1-of-enecs-barakah-power-plant-now-more-than-57-complete/", "https://home.kepco.co.kr/kepco/indi/foreign/en/html/G/A/ENGAHP003.html", "https://home.kepco.co.kr/kepco/front/html/WZ/2020_03_04/m/sub02_04.html", "https://www.enec.gov.ae/ar/news/announcements/enec-and-subsidiaries-sign-three-significant-agreements-with-korean-partners/", "https://www.enec.gov.ae/en/news/latest-news/barakah-plant-2-42-bn-refinancing-recognized-as-green-loan-facility-reinforcing-its-integral-role-/" ] }, { "id": "taishan-1-2", "name": "Taishan 1 and 2", "country": "China", "design": "2 EPR units, 1,660 MW net reference capacity each", "status": "Both units operational", "constructionStart": [ { "unit": "Unit 1", "date": "2009-11-18" }, { "unit": "Unit 2", "date": "2010-04-15" } ], "initialOperation": null, "initialOperationNote": "No initial operation dates were verified in the reviewed accessible primary sources. Frequently repeated 2013 and 2014 targets should not be published without the original project filing.", "currentOrActualOperation": [ { "unit": "Unit 1", "commercialOperationDate": "2018-12-13" }, { "unit": "Unit 2", "commercialOperationDate": "2019-09-07" } ], "delayYears": null, "delayYearsNote": "A defensible delay cannot be calculated without a verified initial operation target.", "costInitial": null, "costInitialNote": "No sufficiently documented original project budget with price basis and included-cost scope was found in the reviewed official sources.", "costCurrent": null, "costCurrentNote": "No consolidated official final outturn with price basis and included-cost scope was found. EDF revenue attributed to French suppliers is not the total project cost.", "costBasis": "No cost comparison is published because neither a sufficiently documented initial budget nor a comparable final outturn was verified.", "financing": "The project company is a joint venture owned 51 percent by CGN, 30 percent by EDF and 19 percent by Guangdong Energy. The reviewed sources do not provide sufficiently detailed debt terms or a complete construction-risk allocation.", "fairReading": "Taishan shows that EPR units can be delivered faster when a capable organization builds a repeated pair and applies lessons from earlier projects. Limited cost and original-schedule transparency means it is not a clean on-budget counterexample.", "sourceUrls": [ "https://pris.iaea.org/pris/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=918", "https://pris.iaea.org/pris/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=919", "https://www.edf.fr/en/edf/taishan-1-world-s-first-epr-connected-to-the-grid", "https://www.edf.fr/en/edf/the-first-of-two-epr-reactors-at-china-s-taishan-nuclear-power-plant-enters-into-commercial-operation", "https://www.edf.fr/en/edf/the-second-epr-reactor-at-china-s-taishan-nuclear-power-plant-about-to-enter-into-commercial-operation", "https://en.cgnp.com.cn/encgnp/c100866/2019-09/08/content_e0b5039e45124c3f850e851e9f39497a.shtml" ] } ] }